tulisan bahasa inggris 2

How is our treatments to make a decision as economic actors?

As economic actors we should make a good decision. We should not contamined by environmental factors but should determined by the steps in some ideal model. We should combine the method with the reality ofthe decision process. We should have explicitness to making a decision. Beside of that we can make a good decision as economic actors.

tugas Bahasa Inggris 2

COMPREHENSION 1

1. What is decision-making?
Decision-making is one of the most important tasks a manager perform

2. What are the six steps of ideal decision-making process?
The six steps of ideal decision-making process are step 1 : define problem, step 2: define expectation, step 3 : gather data, step4 : develop alternatives, step 5 : evaluate alternatives, step 6 : choose best alternative

3. Defining the problem involves two steps. What are they?
Two step which involves in defining the problem are careful analysis of a situation in order to state the problem and determine its cause

4. What is expected result after solving the problem of low production?
The expected result after solving the problem of low is to increase the output of the factory

5. Where can data be obtained?
Data can be obtained from a variety of sources : observations, surveys, or published research

6. What does the decision-maker do after obtaining data?
After obtaining data,the decision-maker does

7. What is the main idea of paragraph 5?
The main idea of paragraps 5 is the decision-maker develops feasible alternative, or potential solutions to the problem.


COMPREHENSION 2

1. What elements are combined in the decision-making?
Elements are combined in the decision-making are the most complicated elements of the operational and theoretical aspects of management

2. What offer influences the final decision?
The final decision is frequently influenced more by the environment and stucture of the organization than by the method itself

3. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
The main idea of paragraph 2 is from one of the factor social and cultural background affects the interaction among people involved in the decision process and provides the cultural framework

4. What are the controlling factors in decision-making process?
The controlling factors in decision-making process are the amount of flexibility within an organization and the available resources (such as facilities, technology or fiscal reserves)

5. How is the relative importance of a decision determined?
the relative of decision is determined by weighed against the amount of effort involved in finding a solution and the benefit the company will receive from its implementation

6. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
the main idea of paragraph 4 is three factors which influence the following of a model decision prosses (time, creativity and risk) may affect the workability of a group process, although research shows that groups often come up with better solutions than individuals.

7. What does the time factor affect?
The time factor may affect the creativity of solution to a problem

8. Why do you think the risk may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker?
I think the risk may be lessened by use of group rather than individual decision-maker because with use of group we can handle a lot of problems with a lot of decisions and it feel so easiy rather than individual.

9. In an ideal decision-making model, how do the managers work?
In an ideal decision-making model the managers work by themselves, free of restrictions of time, data, and resources

10. How is the reality of the decision process?
The reality of the decision process is much less a step-by-step procedure than it is a series of practical considerations directly influenced by the social, cultural, and organizational environment.

Management is

Management in all business and human organization activity is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning, organizing, stafting, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Recoucing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human recouses, financial resources, technological resources, and natural recouses

basic functions of management

Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/directing, and controlling/monitoring.

• Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action.
• Organizing: (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.
• Staffing: Job Analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individuals for appropriate jobs.
• Leading/directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it.
• Controlling/Monitoring, checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback.

ulti-divisional management hierarchy

The management of a large organization may have three levels:

1. Senior Management (or "top management" or "upper management")
2. Middle Management
   
3. Low-level management, such as supervisior or team - leader
   
4. Foreman
5. Rank and File

Top-level management

• Require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills.
• They have to be very aware of external factors such as markets.
• Their decisions are generally of a long-term nature
• Their decisions are made using analytic, directive, conceptual and/or behavioral/participative processes
• They are responsible for strategic decisions.
• They have to chalk out the plan and see that plan may be effective in the future.
• They are executive in nature.

Middle management

• Mid-level managers have a specialized understanding of certain managerial tasks.
• They are responsible for carrying out the decisions made by top-level management.

Lower management

• This level of management ensures that the decisions and plans taken by the other two are carried out.
• Lower-level managers' decisions are generally short-term ones.

Foreman / lead hand

• They are people who have direct supervision over the working force in office factory, sales field or other workgroup or areas of activity.

Rank and File

• The responsibilities of the persons belonging to this group are even more restricted and more specific than those of the foreman.

TUGAS SOFT SKILL B.INGGRIS

A. Pengertian Manajemen (Definition of Management)
Istilah manajemen, terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia hingga saat ini belum ada keseragaman. Selanjutnya, bila kita mempelajari literatur manajemen, maka akan ditemukan bahwa istilah manajemen mengandung tiga pengertian yaitu :

1. Manajemen sebagai suatu proses,
2. Manajemen sebagai kolektivitas orang-orang yang melakukan aktivitas manajemen,
3. Manajemen sebagai suatu seni (Art) dan sebagai suatu ilmu pengetahuan (Science)
Menurut pengertian yang pertama, yakni manajemen sebagai suatu proses, berbeda-beda definisi yang diberikan oleh para ahli. Untuk memperlihatkan tata warna definisi manajemen menurut pengertian yang pertama itu, dikemukakan tiga buah definisi.

B. Fungsi-Fungsi Manajemen (Management Functions)

1. Fungsi Perencanaan / Planning
Fungsi perencanaan adalah suatu kegiatan membuat tujuan perusahaan dan diikuti dengan membuat berbagai rencana untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan tersebut.

2. Fungsi Pengorganisasian / Organizing
Fungsi perngorganisasian adalah suatu kegiatan pengaturan pada sumber daya manusia dan sumberdaya fisik lain yang dimiliki perusahaan untuk menjalankan rencana yang telah ditetapkan serta menggapai tujuan perusahaan.

3. Fungsi Pengarahan / Directing / Leading
Fungsi pengarahan adalah suatu fungsi kepemimpinan manajer untuk meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi kerja secara maksimal serta menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang sehat, dinamis, dan lain sebagainya.

4. Fungsi Pengendalian / Controling
Fungsi pengendalian adalah suatu aktivitas menilai kinerja berdasarkan standar yang telah dibuat untuk kemudian dibuat perubahan atau perbaikan jika diperlukan.

KASUS CENTURY & BANJIR JAKARTA

KASUS BANK CENTURY

dalam perkembang ny kasus ini semakin di lihat semakin rumit
lemah ny pengawasan BI kepada bank-bank seperti bank century membuktikan bahwa kasus penggelapan uang sering terjadi, tidak cuma di bank sentury mungkin di bank-bank kecil lain nya juga terjadi.
kehadiran beberapa saksi yg melibatkan beberapa pejabat negara, seperti wapres budiyono,mentri keuangan sri mulyani mencermin kan bahwa pejabat seperti mereka pun dapat melakukan kasus seperti ini. berbagai protes/unjukrasa pun terjadi, mulai dari kasus ini cepat di selesai kan sampai pencopotan jabatan.
jika di lihat dan di cermati bagi sebagian orang awam kasus ini berteletele dan tidak ada titik terang nya dan ingin cepat-cepat di selesaikan, sebeb jika tidak di selesaikan maka kasus ini akan menjadi masalah yg akan menghancurkan dunia perbankan indonesia.
yg menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi masyarakat adalah kemana mengalirnya dana bank century?


BANJIR JAKARTA

pada awal tahun 2009 tepat nya bulan februari di perkirakan akan terjadi banjir besar yg melanda jakarta, hal ini di sebabkan perubahan partikel yg terjadi awan.
hujan lebat yg di hasilkan menyebabkan sebagian jakarta terendam banjir. akibat ny masyarakat yg tinggal di pemukiman kumuh / wilayah yg terkena banjir terpaksa harus mengungsi ke tempat yg lebih aman.
berbagai penyakit yg timbul di pengunsian pun melanda, seperti penyakit kulit, diare dll
masyarakat yg mengungsi pun membutuhkan bantuan berupa obat-obatan, pakaian layak pakai sampai kebutuhan makan pokok pun sangat berguna bagi mereka.
perlu ada nya perhatian yg lebih dari pemerintah akan bencana ini yg sering terjadi pada setiap tahun ny. PR besar yg harus di kerjakan oleh pemerintah DKI bagaimana meminim kan bencana yg setiap tahun nya melanda jakarta.

Tugas 1 & 2 :Harapan & keadilan

1. HARAPAN

Harapan berarti sebuah impian yg ingin di raih. Di sini akan di jelas kan beda harapan dan cita

harapan mempunyai arti sesuatu yg manusia ingin kan dalam jangka waktu yg pendek
contoh : sinta ingin mempunyai sebuah handphone, tetapi keadaaan keluarga sinta tidak mampu untuk membeli benda tersebut.

sedangkan cita mempunyai arti sesuatu yg blom sama sekali tercapai
contoh : toni ingin sekali menjadi seorang dokter dari sejak dia ber umur 10 tahun.
toni berusaha dengan keras untuk meraih cita - cita yg dia ingin kan sehingga pada bangku perkuliahan dia mengambil jurusan yg berhubungan dengan cita - cita ny tersebut
sebuah gelar telah ia capai dengan susah payah.

sebab manusia mempunyai harapan :

1. dorongan kodrat/sifat/keadaan/bawaan ilmiah

contoh berfikir,bergembira,menangis dll

2. dorangan kebutuhan hidup baik jasmani atau rohani

contoh : hak dan kewajiban,keamanan,status,kelangsungan hidup

3. keyakinan

contoh : yakin bhawa saya dapat melaksanakan tugas sebagai ketua BEM dng baik


2. KEADILAN

keadilan mempunyai berbagai definisi
1. menurut aristoteles : kelayakan dalam hidup sosial
2. menurut pelaku : orang yg menyamarkan diri ny & perasaan ny di kendalikan oleh akal sehat
3. menurut khonghucu : anak sebagai anak, raja sebagai raja, ayah sebagai ayah


macam - macam keadilan :
1. keadilan legal : keadilan yg terwujud dan masyarakat melaksanakan fungsi dengan baik
2. keadilan distributif : keadaan yg terjadi karena terlaksana dan dikerjakan dalam hal yg sama
3. keadilan komulatif : keadilan yg berkaitan untuk memperoleh kesejahteraan umum